The Bard and the Birds

Wild Life 03.05.2026 The Bard and the Birds The frilled collars of ruffs—and the birds’ elaborate mating rituals—are straight out of a Shakespearean drama. Photograph by Espen Bergersen Story by Sarah Milligan Share In the golden glow of the midnight sun, a ruff snaps at a mosquito. Ruffs, a type of sandpiper known to scientists as Calidris pugnax , gather in northern Eurasia each spring to woo, mate, and nest around wetlands and waterbodies, where abundant mosquitos and other insects keep them well fed. The white molting plumage around the neck of this hungry male, photographed in Norway within the Arctic Circle, offers a clue to what else has recently occupied him. Ruffs get their common name from the extravagant frilled collars—or ruffs—of Shakespeare’s time. And just as in a Shakespearean drama, when the birds gather in their communal mating arena, known as a lek, males sport their finest costumes and enact elaborate courting rituals and ruses to win the affection of females. Their collars, or lack thereof, correspond with three distinct and genetically determined roles in the ruffs’ social hierarchy. “Independent” males are the most common contenders in the competition for mates; they boast a collar and head tuft of darker browns, beige, chestnut, and black hues, which they fluff up while they strut, leap, and bow to impress. With much higher testosterone levels than other males, independents also regularly battle with one another to defend their territory within the lek and to chase away visiting males—behavior that likely inspired the birds’ scientific name, which means “fighting sandpiper . ” Less common are the subordinate “satellite” males—the wingmen. Like the ruff shown here, satellites produce brilliant white collars that help attract reeves, as the females are known, to the lek, earning them tolerance from the dominant males and even a chance at mating with some of the females. The third role in the lek hierarchy—that of the “faeder”—is reminiscent of how male actors commonly played women’s roles in Shakespeare’s plays. Ruffs in this category make up less than 1 percent of males, and have no fancy collar. Instead, they mimic reeves in appearance and use sneakiness as their strategy. A faeder waits on the perimeter of the lek for a reeve to indicate interest in another male, then swoops in to mate with her first. After much ado in the mating theater, ruffs begin to shed their regal costumes, and soon fly south to overwinter in warmer parts of Europe, Africa, or Asia. While the birds are faring fine on a global scale, some European populations have declined over the past several decades, likely due to wetland drainage, pollution, climate change, and pesticide use. Mosquitos, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly abundant in the Arctic, ensuring that—at least for now—ruffs who mate in the region have dense clouds of food at the ready when they return for another exhilarating season in the mating arena. Troms, Norway Share Espen